FEEDS AND F 






SAVAGE AND MORRISON 




Class t:) p ^ 

Book l£iZ 

Gopyrignt W 

COPyRIGHT DEPOSrii 



FEEDS AND FEEDING MANUAL 



BY , 

ELMER S. SAVAGE 

PROFESSOR OF ANIMAL HUSBA>fDRY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY 

AND 

F. B. MORRISON 

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 
AND PROFESSOR OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 



MADISON, WISCONSIN 

THE HENRY-MORRISON COMPANY 

1920 






Copyright .1920 

BY 

THE HENRY-MORRISON COMPANY 
All rights reserved 






DEC -6 1920 



PRINTED AND BOUND tV 

OCORQC BANTA PUBLiaHINQ CO. 

MANUFACTURINQ PUBLISHERS 

MCNASHA, WISCONSIN 



INTRODUCTION 

"Feeds and Feeding Manual" first published in 1913, has apparently met a need 
in instruction in animal husbandry, due to the fact that it helped students to master 
important facts in live stock feeding by providing a convenient means of working out 
practical problems and rations. The manual was revised in 1915 and has since 
been twice reprinted. This edition has again been thoroly revised and certain 
improvements have been incorporated. 

This manual has been prepared so that students in a course in Feeds and Feeding 
may make a systematic studj'^ of feeds and rations and may preserve the result of 
such study in convenient permanent form. The manual is designed especially for 
use with Feeds and Feeding, by W. A. Henry and F. B. Morrison, or with Feeds 
and Feeding, Abridged, by the same authors. The exercises have been made practical, 
based as far as possible on actual experience. The computations required have been 
chosen to teach something besides mere arithmetic. In the exercises which are here 
given the student will be required to make over and over again those computations 
which he will be forced to make in actual practice. He will thus become familiar 
with the methods of computing rations and with as many as possible of the feeds 
in common use in the United States. 

The objects in mind in teaching an elementary course in Feeds and Feeding, as the 
authors see them, are three: (1) To teach the fundamental principles underlying 
the practice in feeding farm animals. (2) To teach as much as possible concerning 
the source, composition, and usefulness of the feeds commonly used in this country. 
(3) To teach the practice of feeding itself, so far as practice can be taught in the 
class room with occasional visits to the barns. 

The teaching of the principles of nutrition which underlie the practice of feeding 
has been left to lecture and text-book. In this manual exercises have been outlined 
which will guide the student in his study of 50 common feeds. In addition, problems 
have been suggested covering rations for dairy and beef cattle, horses, sheep, and 
swine. In these problems the comparative usefulness of the common feeding stand- 
ards is brought out, and the fact is impressed on the student that in order to formu- 
late a ration intelligently, the nature, composition, usefulness and relative cost of a 
large variety of feeds must be known. A method of computing the relative value of 
the several feeds is clearly illustrated in the computation of the problems. 

There have purposely been included in the manual more exercises and problems 
than can be worked out by most classes in the amount of time available. This has 
been done in order that each instructor may select the exercises and problems which 
are especially important in his own section. Additional blank pages are provided 
at the rear so that the instructor may assign special problems of local interest, if 
desired. 

The authors wish to acknowledge the help of Professor W. A. Henry of the 
University of Wisconsin and of Professor H. H. Wing and Mr. T. A. Baker of Cornell 
University in the preparation of this manual. 

ELMER S. SAVAGE, 
F. B. MORRISON. 



EXERCISE 1 

DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS 

In order to feed livestock most economically and efficiently, one must understand 
thoroly the chemical composition of the available feeds, the extent to which livestock 
can utilize each feed, and the actual feeding value of these feeds for the various 
classes of stock. Then, after finding the cost of the different feeds in any section of 
the country, an economical and efficient ration may readily be worked out, to suit 
the conditions in that particular district. Keeping in mind that the chief object of a 
course in Feeds and Feeding is to enable the student to feed farm animals more cheaply 
and efficientl}^, the exercises in this manual have been so arranged that first the 
composition, feeding value, and economy of different feeds are fully considered, and 
then the knowledge so gained is applied in working out practical rations for the 
different classes of animals. 

The relative value of feeds depends not on their total chemical composition, but on 
the amount of nutrients which each feed actually furnishes. The most simple, and 
likewise the most common, method of measuring the usefulness of feeds is to deter- 
mine the digestible nutrients in 100 lbs. of each feed. The method of finding the 
coefficients of digestibility or digestion coefficients of various feeds and of computing 
the digestible nutrients is fully explained in Part I of Chapter III of Feeds and Feed- 
ing or of Feeds and Feeding, Abridged. 

After studying thoroly this portion of whichever book is used as the text, work 
out the following problem. Put the summaries of your computations on page 8 in 
neat, logical form. 

Problem. — During a 10-day digestion trial a cow consumed 96 lbs. of alfalfa hay, 
the average composition of which was 8. 1 per ct. water, 8.8 per ct. ash, 14.6 per ct. 
crude protein, 28 . 9 per ct. fiber, 37 . 4 per ct. nitrogen-free extract, and 2 . 1 per ct. 
fat. During this time the cow voided in her feces or solid excrement 4 . 9 lbs. ash, 
4.2 lbs. of crude protein, 15.2 lbs. of crude fiber, 1.16 lbs. of fat, and 35.7 lbs. of 
total dry matter. Find the coefficients of digestibility of the dry matter, crude pro- 
tein, fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and fat. 

Also compute the digestibility of the ash. This is not commonly given in tables of 
digestion coefficients, but can be computed from the data given in the problem. 

Feed Studies 

To aid in fixing in the mind the most important facts concerning the more common 
feeds, feed study blanks are provided for the systematic study of 50 feeds. Before fill- 
ing out the feed study blanks for the two feeds given on the next page, read the 
following directions carefully, and be sure you understand them. 

Source and definition. — Under "Source and definition' ' state briefly what the feed is. 

Total composition. — Copy the total composition from Appendix Table I of the 
text book. 

Coefficients of digestibility. — Copy the coefficients of digestibility from Appendix 
Table II of the text. 

Digestible nutrients. — Compute the digestible nutrients for the first four feeds 
studied, using the total composition and the coefficients of digestibility you have 
already copied. 



Enter in the proper spaces in the table the pounds of digestible fiber and of digesti- 
ble nitrogen-free extract separately, and then add these numbers together to find the 
pounds of digestible carbohydrates. Enter this also in the table. 

The coefficients of digestibility for the ash in feeds are not given in Appendix 
Table II. The digestible ash and the coefficient of digestibility for the ash can, 
however, be found as follows: First compute the digestible dry matter and the diges- 
tible nutrients, except the ash. Then subtract from the digestible dry matter the 
sum of the digestible protein, carbohydrates, and fat. (Do not multiply the fat by 
2.25.) This will give the digestible ash. From this you can find the coefficient of 
digestibility for the ash. 

The digestible nutrients should be computed to tenths of pounds. If in the com- 
putations the figure in hundredth's place is 5 or more, add 1 to the tenth's place; if 
less than 5, disregard it. Use this rule in general in dropping decimal places. 

Total digestible nutrients. — Compute the total digestible nutrients in 100 lbs. and 
in 2,000 lbs. of each of the first four feeds studied, and enter the figures in the proper 
place on the feed study blank. The total digestible nutrients in any amount of a 
given feed equal the sum of the digestible crude protein, the digestible carbohydrates, 
and the digestible fat multiplied by 2.25. The formula for "total digestible nutri- 
ents," following the above definition, is: Total dig. nutr. = Dig. protein+dig. carbo- 
hydrates + (dig. fatX 2 . 25) . 

Compute the total digestible nutrients in 2,000 lbs. to the nearest whole number, 
using the general rule just mentioned for dropping decimals. 

Nutritive ratio. — Compute the nutritive ratio of the above feeds according to the 
definition and formula given in the text. Compute the second term of the ratio to 
one decimal place. 

Price per ton. — Enter on page 7 and on the feed study blanks the local price of each 
feed. These prices will be furnished by the instructor, or may be ascertained from 
market reports, feed dealers, etc. 

Weight of concentrates. — In the case of concentrates the bulkiness of the feed, as 
shown by the weight per quart, is important. Hence for concentrates copy the 
weight of 1 quart from Appendix Table VII of Feeds and Feeding or from Appendix 
Table IX of Feeds and Feeding, Abridged. If possible determine the weights by ac- 
tually weighing them. 

Cost of 1 lb. total digestible nutrients. — Perhaps the most convenient way of 
determining which feeds are the most economical under the conditions in a particular 
district at any time is to compute the cost at which each of the available feeds fur- 
nishes 1 lb. of total digestible nutrients. As is pointed out further in Exercise 6 and 
in Chapter VIII of the text, this is a measure of the economy with which the various 
feeds furnish fuel or energy. The "Cost of 1 lb. total digestible nutrients" shovdd 
therefore be worked out for each feed and entered on the feed study blank. Compute 
this cost to hundredths of a cent, using the price per ton given for each feed. 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein. — Protein-rich feeds are commonly higher in 
price than those rich in carbohydrates in most districts of the country. In balancing 
rations economically, it is therefore necessary to find out which feeds furnish digesti- 
ble crude protein most cheaply. Therefore, compute for each feed, and enter in the 
feed study blank, the "Cost per lb. digestible crude protein." 

Palatability, usefulness and limitations. — Under "Palatability, usefulness, and 
limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, and swine," state briefly, but as 
definitely as possible, the value of the particular feed for each class of stock. Before 

6 



attempting to do this, consult the index of j^our text, and read carefully the para- 
graphs in the text on the value of the feed for each class of stock. Do not rely on 
your general knowledge of the feed, but be specific. 

Timothy hay, $ per ton. Use the figures in Appendix Table I, given 

under "Timothy, all analyses," and the figures in Appendix Table II which are the 
"Average of all trials." The value of timothy hay for horses, dairy cattle, beef cattle, 
and sheep is fully discussed in the text. It is not useful for swine. Would you grow 
much timothy on a livestock farm in your section? 

Red clover hay, % per ton. Use the figures in Appendix Table I, given 

under "Clover, red, all analyses," and the "Average of all trials" in Appendix Table 
II. Red clover exceeds any other legume in acreage in the United States. Discuss 
its value thoroly. 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name of feed 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS OF FEED 







Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Coefficient of 
bility 


digesti- 
















Digestible 




























, 













Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hxmdredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 
9 



10 



11 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name of feed 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS OF FEED 







Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 






Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Coefficient 
bilitv 


of digesti- 
















Digestible 


























. 

















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr. . (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude prcftein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page ) 
12 



13 



14 



EXERCISE 2 

RATIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF FEEDS 

Feed studies. — Make complete studies of the following feeds, using the feed study 
blanks on pages 17 to 23. 

Alfalfa hay, $ per ton. Use the figures in Appendix Table I given 

under "Alfalfa, all analyses." If using Feeds and Feeding as the text, take the coeffi- 
cients of digestibihty for "Average of all trials." In Feeds and Feeding, Abridged 
these coefficients of digestibility are the only ones given for alfalfa hay. Why has 
alfalfa increased so rapidly in acreage in this country? 

Corn silage, well matured, $ per ton. Use the figures in Appendix 

Table I under "Corn Silage, well-matured, recent analyses," and the coefficients of 
digestibility for "Corn Silage, dent, well-matured." In your notes show why corn 
silage has revolutionized stock feeding in recent years in most districts of the United 
States. 

Dent corn, $ per ton. Use the figures from Appendix Table I for 

"Dent corn." These are for well-dried corn. Take the figures from Appendix 
Table II for "Corn meal." Study thoroly the paragraphs in Part III of the text dis- 
cussing the value of corn for the various classes of stock and make your notes com- 
plete. 

Rations. — Be sure you know the definitions in the text for ration and balanced 
ration. Remember that both apply to the feed supplied to 07ie animal for 34 hours. 

Problem. — The average cow in a farmer's herd weighs 1,000 lbs. She yields daily 
25 lbs. of milk testing 4,0 per ct. in butter fat. He feeds her the following ration: 

10 lbs. of alfalfa hay 

30 lbs. of corn silage 

8 lbs. of dent corn 

Work out for the above ration the data called for on page 26. Compute all deci- 
mals to the third place and the cost to tenths of a cent, following the general rule 
for dropping decimal places given in Exercise 1. This ration is not an ideal one, as 
will be brought out later in Exercise 8. It is given as a fairly satisfactory ration for 
cows of medium production which can be made up from the few feeds which have 
thus far been studied. 

Summary table. — In computing rations for different classes of animals it will be 
found convenient to have the data for the different feeds which have been studied 
arranged in tabular form according to character of feed, i.e., concentrate or roughage, 
and also according to the protein content. The data called for in the Summary 
Table of the manual, pages 162 to 165, should therefore be filled in for the feeds 
which have been studied, and similar entries made as new feeds are studied. 

Classification of feeds according to crude protein content. — For purposes of con- 
venience in computing rations, as will appear later, all feeds may be arranged in three 
groups according to their relative amounts of crude protein. The proportion of crude 

IS 



protein is shown by the nutritive ratio. Low protein feeds are those with a nutritive 
ratio of 1 :6 . or wider. Medium protein feeds are those with a nutritive ratio of 
1 :3 . 1 to 1 :6 . 0. High protein feeds are those with a nutritive ratio of 1 :3 . or nar- 
rower. The feeds to be studied in the manual are arranged in their respective classes 
in the Summary Table. Learn into which group each feed which is studied falls. 
This knowledge will enable one easily to combine feeds into a ration having the 
desired nutritive ratio. 



16 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name of feed 

Source and definition , 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS OF FEED 







Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Coefficient of digesti- 
bility 
















Digestible 







































Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page ) 
17 



18 



19 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name of feed 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS OF FEED 







Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohj'drates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


CoeflBcient of digesti- 
bility 
















Digestible 


























^ 













Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page ) 
20 



21 



22 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 
matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 
23 



24 



25 



PROBLEM 
Computed from data in Exercise . 



Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. crude 
protein 


Dig. carbo- 
hydrates 


Dig. fat 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Cents 










































































Totals 













Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Weight of one quart of concentrates is lbs. 

How would you improve this ration? (This question is to be answered when Exer- 
cise 8 is studied.) 



26 



EXERCISE 3 

THE WOLFF-LEHMANN STANDARDS 

Feed studies. — In the previous exercises, the digestible crude protein, carbohy- 
drates, and fat and the total digestible nutrients have been computed for each feed. 
In this and the following exercises these figures may be copied directly from Appendix 
Table III of the text, as sufficient practice should have now been secured in these 
simple computations. For this reason, the spaces for "Coefficients of digestibility" 
have been omitted in the feed study blanks for this and the following exercises. 

Make complete studies of the following feeds: 

Ground dent corn, $ per ton. Use the same figures from Appendix 

Tables I and III as for "Dent corn" in Exercise 2. To the cost of shelled dent corn 
add the cost of grinding to get the price per ton of ground corn. For each class of 
stock tell whether it pays to grind shelled corn before feeding. 

Corn-and-coh meal, $ per ton. On the average, 80 per ct. of the 

weight of corn-and-cob meal is corn grain. Therefore, a ton of corn-and-cob meal 
will contain 1,600 lbs. corn grain and 400 lbs. cobs. To find the cost per ton of corn- 
and-cob meal, compute the cost of 1,600 lbs. shelled corn, deduct the cost of shelling 
it, and add the cost of grinding the ton of ear corn to corn-and-cob meal. In your 
notes state for each class of stock whether there is any advantage in using corn-and- 
cob meal. 

Hominy feed, $ per ton. While practically all the hominy feed on the 

market is a high grade feed, the composition varies somewhat, depending on whether 
some of the corn oil has been expressed, and on whether all the corn germs are included 
or not. Find how the guaranteed composition of the hominy feed available in your 
locality compares with the average composition given in Appendix Table I. 

Gluten feed, $ per ton. With the coming of national prohibition and 

the consequent great decrease in the amount of distillers' dried grains and of brewers' 
dried grains on the market, gluten feed has become even more important than before 
as a dairy feed. 

Problem. — The Wolff-Lehmann standards are now out-of-date and do not meet 
present day conditions. Therefore they should not be used in computing rations for 
practical stock feeding, but instead one of the modern sets of standards, such as the 
Morrison (Modified Wolff-Lehmann) standards or the Armsby standards. However, 
on account of the historical importance of the Wolff-Lehmann standards, any thoro 
student of live stock feeding should imderstand this system of computing rations. 
They are still used to a consideuable extent by those not familiar with recent develop- 
ments in animal nutrition and stock feeding. 

Compute according to the Wolff-Lehmann standards a ration for a dairj^ cow 
weighing 1,000 lbs. and yielding daily 22 lbs. of milk of average quality. Use the 
following feeds: red clover hay, corn silage, corn-and-cob meal, and gluten feed. 

Before attempting this problem read carefully Parts I, II, and III of Chapter VII 
of Feeds and Feeding or Parts I and II of Chapter VII of Feeds and Feeding, Abridged, 
whichever is used as the text. Follow the rule on page 116 of Feeds and Feeding 
and page 88 of Feeds and Feeding, Abridged in deciding how much roughage and how 
much concentrates to give the cow. 

27 



As is explained in the text the allowance of protein prescribed in any standard is 
the minimum amount advised, and when protein-rich feeds are lower in price than 
those rich in carbohj^drates, it is economy to supply more protein than called for by 
the standard. In this exercise, however, balance the ration so that the nutritive ratio 
is within 0.2 of that advised in the standard. The total digestible nutrients should 
be within 0.5 lb. of that of the standard. As is pointed out in the text (page 118 of 
Feeds and Feeding and page 92 of Feeds and Feeding, Abridged), American rations will 
usually contain more fat than called for by the Wolff-Lehmann standards. In such 
cases the amount of carbohydrates may fall somewhat below, as an offset. Simply 
balance the ration so that the amount of total digestible nutrients and the nutritive 
ratio are sufficiently close to the requirements of the standard. 

The complete Wolff-Lehmann standards for all classes of animals are found in 
Appendix Table IV of the text. 



28 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to himdredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 
29 



30 



31 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name. 



Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairj' and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue not«s on next page) 
32 



33 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 

dig. 
nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude i)rotein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatabilit_y, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairj'^ and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(C^ontinue notes on next page) 



34 



35 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition , 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ "Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



36 



37 



PROBLEM— WOLFF-LEHMANN STANDARD 

Computed froMi data in Exercise No 

Standard mooting roduiremonts of problem above: 

Dry matter lljs. Dig. protein 

Dig. carbohydrates lbs. Dig. fat 

Total dig. nutr lbs. Nutritive ratio 

Ration computed according to standard above: 



.lbs. 
.lbs. 



Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. crude 
protein 


Dig. carbo- 
hydrates 


Dig. fat 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Cents 










































































Totals 













Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Lbs. of total dig. nutr. in ration 

Weight of one quart of the mixture of concentrates 
What is your opinion of the above ration? 



38 



EXERCISE 4 
THE ARMSBY STANDARDS 

Feed studies. — Make complete feed studies of the following feeds: 

Germ oil meal, $ per ton. Before the World War a large part of the 

germ oil cake produced in this country was exported to Europe. Now much more 
of this feed is being used in the United States. 

Wheat {whole or ground) $ per ton. Tho good grade wheat is not 

commonl}' fed to stock, it is important to know its feeding value, for wheat which is 
unsuited for milling may be an economical feed for stock. 

Wheat brail, $ per ton. Since wheat bran is one of the most impor- 
tant feeds in the United States, be sure you discuss its value thoroly. At present 
prices is it an economical feed? 

Standard wheat middlings (shorts) $ per ton. For what class of 

animals are middlings chiefly used. At present prices should middlings be used as a 
substitute for grain, or merely as a protein-rich feed to balance the ration? 

Problem A. — Read over carefully the discussion of the Armsby feeding standards 
in Chapter VII of your text. Then formulate on page 49 a ration according to the 
Armsby standards for maintaining a 1,000-lb. steer, using only the feeds which 
have been studied. By taking into consideration the principles emphasized in the 
discussion of "Heat and energy required for maintenance" in Chapter IV, how can 
you make a cheaper ration by using feeds which have not yet been studied? 

Problem B. — A dairy cow weighing 1,250 lbs. yields daily 38 lbs. of milk testing 4 
per ct. butter fat. Formulate from the feeds that have been studied a ration for her, 
according to the Armsby standard. This provides a minimum amount of digestible 
true protein and of net energy. In computing the ration the digestible protein should 
not exceed that in the standard by more than 0.5 lb. The therms of net energy 
should not exceed the standard by more than 0.5 therm. Work out the problem 
on page 50. 



39 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name . 



Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Contmue notes on next page) 
40 



41 



FEED RTTIDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart .lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per It), digestible crude i)rotein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, u.sefulnoss, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(C'ontinue notes on next page) 



42 



43 



FEED STUDY HLANK 



Name 

Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 
















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



44 



45 



46 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ ^^'eight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Contmue notes on next page) 



47 



48 



PROBLEM— ARMSBY STANDARD 

Computed from data in Exercise No 

Standard meeting requirements of problem above: 

Dig. protein lbs. Net energj^ 

Ration computed according to standard above: 



.therms 



Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. 

protein 


Net 
energy 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Therms 


Cents 






























































Totals 





















What is your opinion of the above ration? Can you suggest improvements in it? 



49 



PROBLEM- ARMSBY STAN DAR D 

Computed from data in Exercise No 

Standard meeting requirements of problem above: 

Dig. protein lbs. Net energy 

Ration computed according to standard above: 



. therms 



Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. 
protein 


Net 
energj- 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Therms 


Cents 




























































Totals 





















What is your opinion of the above ration? Can you suggest improvements in it? 



SO 



EXERCISE 5 
MORRISON (MODIFIED WOLFF-LEHMANN) FEEDING STANDARDS 

Feed studies.— Make complete studies of the following feeds: 

Wheat middli'tigs, flour, % per ton. For what class of animals is flour 

middlings most commonly used? What has been the usual difference in price per 
ton during the past year in your locality between standard middlings and flour 
middlings? 

Red dog flour, $ per ton. Do you think red dog flour is an economical 

feed at present prices? For what animals would you use it? 

Wheat mixed feed, % per ton. What is the relative feeding value of 

wheat mixed feed and wheat bran? 

Oats {whole or ground), % per ton. State the extent to which you 

would use oats in feeding the various classes of stock. Which is the cheaper feed at 
present prices, corn or oats? 

Problem A. — Study carefully the discussion of the Morrison (Modified Wolf?- 
Lehmann) feeding standards in Chapter VII of your text. Then work out in accord- 
ance with these standards as economical a ration as possible for a dairy cow weighing 
1,200 lbs., and yielding daily 30 lbs. of milk testing 3 . 5 per ct. of butter fat. 

It will be noted that a range is indicated in the amounts of digestible crude protein 
advised for each pound of milk produced. The lower amounts are those recom- 
mended by Haecker and the higher amounts those advised by Savage. In this 
ration feed as much protein as is indicated in the higher figures, provided as cheap a 
ration can be secured as when the lower recommendations are followed. 

The complete Morrison (Modified Wolff-Lehmann) feeding standards for all classes 
of animals are given in Appendix Table V of your text. 

Problem B. — Compute a ration according to the Morrison (Modified Wolff- 
Lehmann) standards for a 1,400-lb. horse at medium work. No succulent feed is 
necessary. The weight per quart of concentrates is not important. How would 
you change this ration on idle days, such as Sundays or holidays? 



51 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 



Total , 



Dry 

matter 



Lbs. 



Ash 



Lbs. 



Crude 
protein 



Carbohydrates 



Fiber 



Lbs. 



Lbs. 



N-free 
extract 



Lbs. 



Digest il)le. 



Fat 



Lbs. 



Total 

dig- 
nutri- 
ents 



Lbs. 



Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost ])er lb. digestible crude j^rotein (to lumdredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



52 



53 



FEED STUDY 15LAXK 



Source and deliuitioii . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 
matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 
54 



55 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 



Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 
56 



57 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition. 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 
matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs.. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 
58 



59 



I'iiOIiLKAI MOliKISOX STANDARD 

Com])uted from data in Exercise No. 

Standard meeting requiremenis of problem above: 

Drj' matter lbs. Dig. prot(!in 

Total dig. luitr lbs. Nutritive ratio 

Ration compvted according to standard above: 



Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. 

crude 

protein 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Cents 
























































- - 






Totals 



















Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Weight of one qt. of concentrate mixture (in rations for dairj- cows) 
What is your opinion of this ration? Can you improve it? 



60 



PRUBLEISI— MORRISON STANDARD 

Computed from data in Exercise No 

Standard meeting requirements of problem above: 

Dry matter lbs. Dig. protein 

Total dig. nutr lbs. Nutritive ratio 

Ration computed according to standard above: 



.lbs. 



Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. 

crude 

protein 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Cents 






























































Totals 





















Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Weight of one qt. of concentrate mixture (in rations for dairy cows) 
What is your opinion of this ration? Can you improve it? 



61 



EXERCISE 6 

ECONOMY IN FEEDING LIVE STOCK 

Feed studies. — Make complete studies of the following feeds: 

Barley {whole or ground), $ l)er ton. In many districts of the north- 
ern states barley yields considerably more pounds of grain per acre than oats. Is 
barley or oats the more profitable crop in your section, considering the yield per acre 
(pounds, not bushels) and the feeding value of the grain? 

Brewers' dried grains (over 25 per ct. protein), % per ton. The amount 

of brewers' dried grains produced in the United States has of course decreased 
greatly since national prohibition. Some are still produced, however, as a by- 
product in the manufacture of near beer, etc. 

Rye (whole or ground), $ per ton. Is rye co'mmonly grown in your 

state? How does rye compare with the other small grains in yield of grain per acre 
(pounds, not bushels)? 

Kafir grain (whole or ground), $ per ton. Of what importance are the 

grain sorghums in your district? If grown, how do the yields of kafir and milo com- 
pare with corn? .Which is more profitable to grow for stock feeding? 

Buckwheat middlings, $ per ton. In what states is most of the buck- 
wheat grown? Do you find buckwheat middlings or buckwheat feed on your loca' 
market? 

Problem A. — Study Chapter VIII of your text thoroly. Be sure you have entered 
in the Siumnary Table of the Manual all the data required for each of. the feeds you 
have studied. Go over this table carefully and note which concentrates and which 
roughages supply total digestible nutrients most cheaply. Also note which fm-nish 
digestible crude protein most economically. 

Compute according to the Morrison (Modified WolfT-Lehmann) feeding standari's 
the most economical, satisfactory ration possible for a 900-lb. cow producing daily 
25 lbs. of 5 per ct. milk. Take only the feeds which have been studied thus far. 
Use the same method as is followed in Chapter VIII of your text. Be sure your 
ration is as cheap as possible, but at the same time satisfactory for milk production. 

Problem B. — Study the ration worked out on page 26 (Exercise 2). How can you 
modify this ration so as to make it more satisfactory and also more economical? 
Write 3'our suggestions on page 26. 



62 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



63 



64 



65 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. , 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 






1 









Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 
66 



67 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Yat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on ne.\t page) 



68 



69 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 


....... 














Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



7a 



71 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION Of 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


4sh 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total . .• 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart ....;. lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



72 



73 



PliOliLEM- MORRISON STAND.VUD 

C'omputed from data in Exercise No 

Standard meeting requiremenls of jjiohlein al)Ove: 

Dry matter Ihs. Dig. ])rotein lbs. 

Total dig. nutr lbs. Nutritive ratio 

Ration computed according to standard ahore: 



Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Total 
Dig. dig. 
crude nutri- 
protein ents 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Cents 






























































Totals 





















Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Weight of one qt. of concentrate mixture (in rations for dairy cows) 
^^^lat is your opinion of this ration? Can you improve it? 



74 



EXERCISE 7 
MANURIAL VALUE OF FEEDING STUFFS 

Feed studies. — Make complete studies of the following feeds: 

Cottonseed vieal, choice, $ per ton. Be sure and discuss the feeding 

value of cottonseed meal for the various classes of stock thoroly. How widely is it 
fed in your locality? If it is not commonly used, do you believe it should be used 
more commonly at present prices? 

Cottonseed meal, good, $ per ton. In your notes state the differences 

between choice cottonseed meal, prime cottonseed meal, good cottonseed meal, 
and cottonseed feed. At present prices is good cottonseed meal or choice cottonseed 
meal the more economical feed? If cottonseed feed is sold in your locality, figure out 
whether it is an economical purchase or not compared with cottonseed meal. 
♦ Linseed meal, old process, $ per ton. Disregarding its tonic and regu- 
lating effects, which is more economical at present prices, linseed meal or choice 
cottonseed meal? Which is more commonly fed in your locality? 

Peanut meal, $ per ton. Is peanut meal available in your local feed 

stores or is it quoted by wholesalers in your state? Which is the more economical 
feed, cottonseed meal, linseed meal, or peanut meal? 

Problem A. — To secure the greatest profit from stock farming it is vitally necessary 
to understand not only the feeding values of various feeds, but also to appreciate 
their manurial values. Study thoroly Chapter XVII of your text. Then work out 
the following problem, putting your computations on page 86. 

Compute the manurial value per ton for the following feeds, using the prices for 
nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash given by the instructor: (1) Ground corn, 
(2) Wheat bran, (3) Gluten feed, (4) Choice cottonseed meal. Deduct the manurial 
value per ton from the gross cost of the feed per ton, to secure the actual net cost 
on farms where additional fertility is needed (as is the case on most farms). Then 
compute the net cost of each feed per pound of total digestible nutrients after allow- 
ing the credit for the manurial value. Tabulate your results neatly, putting the fol- 
lowing figures in separate columns: (a) Gross cost per ton; (b) Manurial value per 
ton; (c) Net cost per ton; (d) Net cost of 1 pound total digestible nutrients. 

If you need more fertility on a farm, which of these feeds are actually the cheapest? 
Because they fail to appreciate the high manurial value of protein-rich feeds, many 
farmers often think such feeds as cottonseed meal or linseed meal unduly expensive. 

Problem B. — Find the local prices paid farmers for fat pigs, fat steers, whole milk 
and butter. Then compute the value of the fertility removed from the farm in selling 
$200 . 00 worth of each of these products. The fertilizing constituents in 1,000 lbs. of 
these animal products are given in the table on page 275 of Feeds and Feeding 
and on page 215 of Feeds and Feeding, Abridged. Use the same values for nitrogen, 
phosphoric acid, and potash as in the previous problem. 

Also compute the fertilizing constituents removed from the farm in selling $200.00 
worth of timothy hay and of red clover hay. In making this comparison one should 
of course recognize the fact that all the nitrogen in red clover hay did not come from 
the soil. 

75 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible .* . 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 IVis Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Co.st of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per 11). digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



76 



n 



78 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Contmue notes on next page) 



79 



80 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 
matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 
















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



81 



83 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Soiu-ce and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



84 



85 



86 



87 



EXERCISE 8 
COMMERCIAL MIXED FEEDS 

Feed studies. — Make complete studies of the following feeds: 

Cocoanul meal, $ per ton. Is cocoanut meal used as yet in your 

locality? How does it compare in economy with the other protein-rich concentrates 
which have been studied? 

Field peas, $ j^er ton. Field peas are an excellent concentrate for 

stock. However, the price paid for field peas for seed and for soup peas is quite often 
so high that it is more profitable to sell field peas and purchase other protein-rich 
feeds. 

Skim milk, $ per ton. In deciding how to dispose of his milk, it is 

important for the dairyman to understand the value of skim milk and the other 
dairy by-products. 

Tankage or meal meal {over 60% protein), $ per ton. For what class 

of animals is tankage chiefly used? How much tankage is needed to balance corn for 
pigs of various weights (a) in dry lots, (b) on good pasture? 

1^ Problem A. — Find out the retail price charged for a representative mixed commer- 
cial dairy feed on your local market and also the guaranteed composition and the 
average actual composition as determined by the feed control officials of your state. 
Also ascertain the ingredients of which the feed is made. 

Then figure out on page 97 an economical mixture of concentrates, using so far as 
possible the ingredients of the mixed feed, which -will furnish as much total crude 
protein and total fat and no more total crude fiber than the mixed feed has been 
found to contain by the feed control officials. Compare the cost of this mixture 
per ton, taking the local prices for the feeds used in it, with the price of the mixed 
feed. 

If possible make up 1,000 lbs. of such a mixture of feed and determine how long it 
takes you. It will be found by experience that in mixing feeds on the farm, shovelling 
the feed over three times on a smooth floor with an ordinary scoop shovel will mix 
it sufficiently well for the needs of farm animals. It should not require more than 3 
hours time of one man to empty, mix, and rebag a ton of feed. At the current prices 
is the mixed commercial feed or the home mixture the more economical? 

Problem B. — Compute the dry matter, digestible crude protein, and total digesti- 
ble nutrients in 100 lbs. of the home mixture. As digestion trials have been carried 
on with but very few mixed feeds, it will be necessary to assume that the mixed com- 
mercial feed studied in the previous problem furnishes the same amount of digestible 
nutrients as the home mixture. Using the mixed commercial feed as one of the com- 
ponents, compute as economical a ration as possible according to the Morrison 
(Modified Wolff-Lehmann) standards for a 900-Ib. dairy cow yielding daily 25 lbs. 
of 5 per cent milk. How does this ration compare in economy with the ration com- 
puted in the problem in Exercise 6? Put j'our computations on page 98. 



88 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 
89 



90 



FEED STUDY BL.\NK 



Name 

Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 
matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



91 



92 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 

dig. 
nutri- - 

ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



93 



94 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 
















Source and definition 








COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 




Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nu tri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 

















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 
95 



96 



97 



IM^OMLKM MORRISON STANDARD 

(/Omputod from data in Kxorcisc No 

Standard meotiuK requirements of problem above: 

Dry matter lbs. Dig. protein 

Total dig. nutr lbs. Nutritive ratio 

Ualinn computed according to fitandtird nborc: 



lbs 



\ 

Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. 

crude 

protein 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Ll)s. 


Cents 






































. 
























Totals 

















Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Weight of one qt. of concentrate mixture (in rations for dairy cows) 
What is your opinion of this ration? Can you improve it? 



98 



EXERCISE 9 

THE FEEDING OF HORSES 

Feed studies. — Make complete studies of the following feeds: 

Blood meal, $ per ton. Blood meal or dried blood is commonly used 

only for calves. 

Dried beet pulp, $ per ton. For what class of animals is dried beet 

pulp chiefly used in your locality? How does it compare with other carlionaceous 
concentrates in cost of 1 lb. of total digestible nutrients? 

Cane molasses, $ per ton. Should cane molasses be commonly used 

in your section with feeds at present prices? 

Corn fodder {medium in water), $ per ton. It is important to realize 

that corn fodder and corn stover vary widely in water content and hence in feeding 
value per ton. Which is the most economical feed, corn silage or corn fodder? 

Oat straw, $ per ton. For what classes of animals can straw be 

economically used to a considerable extent? 

Problem A. — If using Feeds and Feeding as the text, study carefully Part I of 
Chapter XVIII, especially Articles 447-57, and also Article 530 in Chapter XX. 
If using Feeds and Feeding, Abridged as the text, study Chapter XVIII, especially 
pages 222-4 and pages 227-8. 

Then compute on page 110 a ration according to the Morrison (Modified Wolff-Leh- 
mann) feeding standards for a 1,500-lb. farm horse at hard work. Make the ration 
as cheap as possible, but be sure it is an efficient and satisfactory one. 

Problem B. — Compute on page Ilia ration for the same horse when idle, likewise 
using the Morrison (Modified Wolff-Lehmann) feeding standards. How does this 
ration differ from the one just computed? 

Problem C. — Study Articles 514 and 515 of Feeds ond Feedingr or pages 230-231 of 
Feeds and Feeding, Abridged, whichever is used as the text. Then compute on page 
112 a ration for a 1,600-lb. brood mare, suckling a foal, using the Morrison (Modified 
Wolff-Lehmann) feeding standards. 



99 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on aext page) 



100 



101 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digesti})le 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and. beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 
102 



103 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Contmue notes on ne.\t page) 

104 



105 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


1 otal 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















'J'otal dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to himdredths of a cent) 

Cost per It), digestible crude j)rotein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, u.sefulne.ss, antl limitations for hor.ses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



106 



107 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name of feed 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS OF FEED 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 

protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig- 
nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Coefficient of digesti- 
bility 
















Digestible 





































Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page ) 
108 



109 



PROBLEM— MORRISON STANDARD 

Computed from data in Exercise No 

Standard meeting requirements of problem above: 

Dry matter lbs. Dig. protein lbs. 

Total dig. nutr lbs. Nutritive ratio 

Ration computed according to standard above: 



Feeds 


Dry 
matter 


Dig. 

crude 

protein 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Cents 






























































Totals 



















Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Weight of one qt. of concentrate mixture (in rations for dairj^ cows) , 
What is your oj^inion of this ration? Can you improve it? 



110 



PROBLEM- MORRISON STANDARD 

Computed from data in Exercise No 

Standard meeting requirements of problem above: 

Dry matter lbs. Dig. ]irotein lbs. 

Total dig. nutr lbs. Nutritive ratio 

Ration computed according to standard above: 



Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. 

crude 

protein 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Cents 






























































Totals 





















Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Weight of one qt. of concentrate mixture (in rations for dairy cows) 
What is your opinion of this ration? Can you improve it? 



HI 



PROBLEM- MORRISON STANDARD 

Computed from data in Exercise No 

Standard meeting; requirements of problem al)Ove: 

Dry matter ll)s. Dig. protein lb.s. 

Total dig. nutr lbs. Nutritive ratio 

Ration computed accordinq to standard above: 



Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. 

crude 

protein 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Cents 






























































Totals 





















Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Weight of one qt. of concentrate mixture (in rations for dairy cows) 
What is your opinion of tliis ration? Can you improve it? 



112 



EXERCISE 10 

THE FEEDING OF DAIRY CATTLE 

Feed studies. — Make complete studies of the following feeds: 

Corn stover, medium in water, % per ton. How can corn stover be 

most economically utilized in stock feeding? 

Green corn fodder, $ per ton. Use figures from Appendix Table III 

of your text for "Green corn fodder, all analyses." Green corn fodder is used chiefly 
for dairy cattle, but may also be fed to beef cattle and horses not at hard work. 
Standing corn is often "hogged down" or "sheeped down." 

Sorghum fodder, $ per ton. Are either the sweet sorghums 

or the grain sorghums important forage crops in your locality? What is the com- 
parative yield of sweet sorghum fodder and corn fodder? 

Hay from clover and mixed grasses, % per ton. (Use the figures in 

Appendix Table III for "Clover and mixed grasses.") Your text gives little discus- 
sion of mixed hay as such, for its value varies widely, depending on the proportion 
of clovers or other legumes in the hay, and on the varieties of grass present. Much 
more mixed clover and timothy hay is grown in the United States than of any other 
kind of hay. Mixed hay will be found useful in place of timothy or clover hay and 
may be used in the same manner. 

Problem A. — If Feeds and Feeding is used as the text, study thoroly Part I of 
Chapter XXI and also Chapter XXIV, especially Articles 658-664. If you are 
using Feeds and Feeding, Abridged as the text, study carefully Parts I and III of 
Chapter XX, especially pages 259-261. 

Compute on page 123 the most economical ration possible according to the Morri- 
son (Modified Wolff-Lehmann) feeding standards for a 1,000-lb. cow producing daily 
30 lbs. of 3.5 per ct. milk. Feed 1 lb. of hay and 3 lbs. of silage per 100 lbs. live 
weight unless directed otherwise by the instructor. How does the amount of concen- 
trates required compare with the common rule "Feed 1 lb. of concentrates per day 
for each pound of butter fat the cow produces per week?" 

What is the cost of feed for 100 lbs. of milk? For each pound of butter fat? 

Problem B. — In the practical feeding of dairy herds a balanced ration is not com- 
monly figured out for each cow in the herd. A good method is to compute a ration 
for an average cow and then to feed the same concentrate mixture and roughages to 
the rest of the herd, but to adjust the amount fed to each cow of the concentrate mix- 
ture and of roughage according to one of the common "thumb" rules, such as those 
stated in the previous problem. 

Compute on page 124 a ration for a 1,000-lb. cow yielding daily 20 lbs. of 3 . 5 per 
ct. milk. Use the same kinds and amounts of roughage as in the previous ration. 
Also feed the same concentrate mixture, but decrease the amount, following the 
thumb rule given before. It will simplify the work in this and the following problem 
to compute first the dry matter, the digestible protein, and the total digestible nu- 
trients in 100 lbs. of the concentrate mixture. Then use this mixture as if it were a 
single feed with this content of digestible nutrients. How does this ration agree with 

113 



the requirements according to the Morrison (Modified Wolff-Lehmann) feeding 
standards? 

Problem C. — In the same manner compute on page 125 a ration for a 1,000-lb. 
cow yielding 60 lbs. of 3.5 per ct. milk. How does the ration agree with the require- 
ments according to the standards? 

Problem D. — Compute a ration for a 1, -100-11). cow yielding 30 lbs. of 3.5 per ct. 
milk. Use the same concentrate mixture as before and feed according to the thumb 
rule. U.se the same roughage, but increase the amount to correspond with the 
weight of the cow. 

The foregoing problems will show how a mixture of concentrates may be made up 
and the amount fed each animal adjusted to her requirements. If there is insufficient 
time for each member of the class to work all these problems, it is suggested that all 
work Problem A and that Problems B, C, and D be then assigned to different sections 
of the class and the rations discussed later in the class. 



114 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name . 



Source and definition , 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 
















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude })rotein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



115 



116 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 











Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for honses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



117 



118 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition , 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 
















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



119 



120 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



121 



122 



PROBLEM^MORRISON STANDARD 

Computed from data in Exercise No 

Standard meeting i-equirements of problem above: 

Dry matter lbs. Dig. protein lbs. 

Total dig. nutr lbs. Nutritive ratio 

Ration computed according io standard above: 



Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. 

crude 

protein 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Cents 






























































Totals 



















Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Weight of one qt. of concentrate mixture (in rations for dairy cows) 
What is your opinion of this ration? Can you improve it? 



123 



PROBLEM— MORRISON STANDARD 

Computed from data in E.xercise No 

Standard meeting requirements of problem above: 

Dry matter lbs. Dig. protein lbs. 

Total dig. nutr lbs. Nutritive ratio 

Ration computed according to standard above: 



Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. 

crude 

protein 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Cents 






























































Totals 





















Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Weight of one qt. of concentrate mixture (in rations for dairj' cows) 
What is your opinion of this ration? Can you improve it? 



124 



PROBLEM-MORRISON STANDARD 

Computed from data in Exercise No 

Standard meeting requirements of problem above: 

Dry matter lbs. Dig. protein 

Total dig. nutr lbs. Nutritive ratio 

Ration computed according to standard above: 



. lbs. 



Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. 

crude 

protein 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Cents 






























































Totals 





















Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Weight of one qt. of concentrate mixture (in rations for dairy cows) , 
What is your opinion of this ration? Can you improve it? 



125 



126 



EXERCISE 11 
THE FEEDING OF BEEF CATTLE 

Feed studies. — Make complete studies of the following feeds: 

Oat and pea hay, $ per ton. When cut at the right stage of maturity 

and well cured, this hay is valuable, especially for dairy cattle, and may be used as a 
substitute for clover or alfalfa hay. 

Sudan grass hay, $ per ton. Is Sudan grass grown to any extent in 

your section? 

Study whichever of the following legumes is more important in your district. 

Cowpea hay, $ per ton. Cow^peas are the most common legume in the 

cotton belt, but are not well adapted to the extreme northern states. 

Soybean hay, $ per ton. Should the acreage of soybeans grown for 

forage be increased in your locality? 

Problem A. — Study carefully the discussion of "Margin" in your text. Then work 
out the follov/ing problem. 

A man buys 1,000-lb. steers in thin flesh at $12 . 00 per cwt. and feeds them an aver- 
age ration of 16 lbs. shelled corn, 2 . 75 lbs. cottonseed meal, 15 lbs. corn silage, and 
5 lbs. clover hay for 120 days. In steer feeding it is commonly assumed that the 
value of the manure produced by the steers and the pork made by the hogs following 
the steers will pay for the costs other than the feed. During this period the average 
daily gain of the steers is 2 . 5 lbs. With shelled corn at $1 . 40 per bushel, and cotton- 
seed meal at $70 . 00 per ton, corn silage at $8 . 50 per ton and clover hay at $25 . 00 
per ton, what must the steers sell for per cwt. to break even on the transaction? 
What is the necessary margin in this feeding operation? Summarize your computa- 
tions on page 133. 

Problem B. — Taking the data given in Problem A, find the necessary margin if 
the steers had weighed 900 lbs. at the start. 

Supposing they had w^eighed 1,000 lbs. and were fed 90 days, consuming the same 
ration and making the same gains as in Problem A, what would be the necessary 
margin? 

What will be the necessary margin if corn costs $1.00 per bushel and cottonseed 
meal $60.00 per ton? 

From the results obtained state how initial cost, initial weight, length of feeding 
period, and cost of feeds influence the necessary margin. 

Problem C. — If using Feeds and Feeding as the text, study Part I of Chapter 
XXVI and also Chapter XXIX, or if your text is Feeds and Feeding, Abridged, 
study Chapter XXIII. Then w'ork out the following problem on page 136. 

Two-year-old feeder steers of good quality, averaging 950 lbs. when placed in the 
feed lot, are to be fed during the winter for 120 days so as to make an average daily 
gain of 2 . 3 lbs. As steers fatten they consume a smaller proportion of roughage. 
This is recognized in the recommendations of the Morrison (Modified Wolff-Leh- 
mann) standards for the first, middle, and last periods of fattening. Using the same 
feeds for each period but varying the proportion as necessary, compute the best and 
cheapest ration for each period. Base the ration on the average weight of the steers 
at the middle of each period, not on the initial weight. Use page 136 for the ration 
for the first period and tabulate rations for the other periods in the same manner 
on page 137. 

127 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 

dig- 
nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



128 



129 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



130 



131 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig- 
nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 














Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



132 



133 



134 



135 



I'ROBLICM MORRISON STANDARD 

Computed from data in Exorcise No 

Standard meetinfj; ronuircincnts of i)roI)leni above: 

Dry matter lbs. Dijr. |)rotein 

Total diiz;. nuir Uis. Nulrilive ratio. . . . 

Ration computed according/ to standard above: 



lbs. 



Feed.s 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. 

crude 

protein 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Cents 






























































Totals . . 



















Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Weight of one qt. of concentrate mixture (in rations for dairy cows) , 
What is your opinion of this ration? Can you improve it? 



136 



137 



EXERCISE 12 

THE FEEDINC; OF SHEEP 

Feed studies. — Make complete studies of the following feeds: 

Alfalfa, green, $ per ton. Discuss the value of alfalfa soilage and 

also alfalfa pasture. 

Red clover, green, $ per ton. Discuss the use of red clover as a soiling 

crop and also as pasture. 

Study whichever of the following is more important in your district: 

Oats and peas, green, $ per ton. Cowpeas, green $ per 

ton. 

Problem A. — If Feeds and Feeding is your text study carefully Part II of Chapter 
XXXII, or if you are using Feeds and Feeding, Abridged, study pages 330-333. Then 
compute according to the Morrison (Modified WolfT-Lehmann) feeding standards 
the ration you would recommend for fattening a carload of western lambs, averaging 
55 lbs. when placed on feed and to be fed until they reach an average weight of 85 
lbs. Compute on page 145 the ration for the middle of the feeding period, when 
the lambs will be on full feed. How would you change this ration in starting the 
lambs on feed? What should the average daily gain of the lambs be on your ration? 
How long will it take them to reach 85 lbs.? 

Problem B. — Figure out on pages 146 and 147 the return you would have probably 
realized last winter in feeding a carload of western lambs the above ration. Make 
the problem real. Look up the quotations for feeder lambs and for fat lambs on 
the dates you would have purchased the lambs and sold them. Include all costs of 
purchasing and selling the lambs — freight, commission, etc. Assuming that the 
value of the manure will offset the cost of the labor, what would have been the net 
return, not making any deduction for interest, cost of shelter, and possible death 
losses of lambs? 

Problem C. — Formulate on page 148 a ration for a pen of 8 breeding ewes, weigh- 
ing 125 lbs. each, which are suckling winter lambs. Study the paragraphs in your 
text on feeding breeding ewes. Use the Morrison (Modified WolfT-Lehmann) 
standards for breeding ewes with lambs, and employ any of the feeds that have 
been studied which are useful for sheep. For succulence feed silage from well- 
matured corn or else feed roots, depending on which crop can be produced more 
cheaply in your section. The dry matter in the roughage, including succulent feed, 
and in the concentrates should be about equal. 



138 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs, 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 
















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of . 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



139 



140 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ , . . . Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude i)rotein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 
141 



142 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 
matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible .' 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 



143 



144 



PROBLEM-iNIORRLSOX STANDARD 

Computed from data in Exercise No 

Standard meeting requirements of problem above: 

Dry matter lbs. Dig. protein 

Total dig. nutr lbs. Nutritive ratio 

Ration computed according to standard above: 



.lbs. 



Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. 

crude 

protein 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Cents 






























































Totals 

















Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Weight of one qt. of concentrate mixture (in rations for dairy cows) . 
What is yom' opinion of this ration? Can you improve it? 



145 



146 



147 



PROBLEM-MORRISON STANDARD 

Computed from data in Exercise No 

Standard meeting requirements of problem above: 

Dry matter lbs. Dig. protein lbs. 

Total dig. nutr lbs. Nutritive ratio 

Ration computed according to standard above: 



Feeds 


Dry 

matter 


Dig. 

crude 

protein 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 


Cost 




Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Cents 






























































Totals 





















Nutritive ratio of ration is 

Weight of one qt. of concentrate mixture (in rations for dairy cows) 
What is your opinion of this ration? Can you improve it? 



148 



EXERCISE 13 

THE FEEDING OF SWINE 

Feed studies. — Make complete studies of the following feeds: 

Green rape, $ per ton. Rape is often used as soilage, especially for 

sheep, but is more commonly used for pasture. 

Mangels, $ per ton. Are roots commonly grown for stock feeding in 

your locality? If so, to what classes of stock are they fed? Should they be more 
largely used for stock? 

Rutabagas, $ per ton. 

This completes the study of 50 common feeds used for animals in the United 
States. Many other feeds might be studied in the same way. Those feeds which 
have been studied represent perhaps those most widely used. It is expected that the 
teacher and student will not confine themselves in actual practice to the feeds that 
have been presented here. The usefulness of a feed is governed largely by the supply 
and price. A successful practical feeder must familiarize himself with all feeds avail- 
able and study their true relative values. 

Problem A. — Compute rations according to the Morrison (Modified Wolff-Leh- 
mann) feeding standards for growing, fattening pigs of the following weights: 40 
lbs., 75 lbs., 125 lbs., and 175 lbs., using for each weight the proper proportions of 
whichever of the following combinations of feeds is most economical under your 
local conditions: 

Shelled corn and tankage. 

Shelled com and skim milk. 

Ground barley and skim milk. 

Ground milo and tankage. 

What do these rations teach you as to the proportion of protein-rich feed needed 
for pigs of various ages? 

References for this problem are Feeds and Feeding, Chapter XXIII, especially 
Articles 913 and 918, also Chapter XXXV, Articles 1022-3; or Feeds and Feeding, 
Abridged, Chapter XXVII, especially pages 347-52, and 358-60. 

Problem B. — Suggest a pasture system adapted to your section for carrying 40 
April pigs thru the summer to a weight of 225 lbs. Calculate the necessary acreage 
of each crop and the necessary kinds and amounts of grain and supplementary feeds 
fed in a self-feeder. Compute the cost of these concentrates, and then the cost of 
concentrates required for each 100 lbs. gain. Find out the selling price of hogs 
(live weight). Deduct the cost of concentrates required for 100 lbs. gain from the 
selling price per cwt. to find the amount received over and above the cost of concen- 
trates to pay for labor, rent of land, equipment, maintenance of brood sows, boar 
service, and other overhead charges. 



149 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition. 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 
matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible . . 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Co.st of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

PalatabUity, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 

150 



151 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total dig. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 
152 



153 



FEED STUDY BLANK 



Name 

Source and definition . 



COMPOSITION OF 100 POUNDS 





Dry 

matter 


Ash 


Crude 
protein 


Carbohydrates 


Fat 


Total 
dig. 

nutri- 
ents 




Fiber 


N-free 
extract 


Total 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Digestible 















Total dig. nutr. in 2,000 lbs Nutritive ratio 

Price per ton $ Weight of 1 quart lbs. 

Cost of 1 lb. total (hg. nutr (to hundredths of a cent) 

Cost per lb. digestible crude protein (to hundredths of a cent) 

Palatability, usefulness, and limitations for horses, dairy and beef cattle, sheep, 
and swine: 



(Continue notes on next page) 
154 



155 



156 



157 



158 



EXERCISE 14 

SILOS AND SILAGE 

Problem A. — A farmer wishes to provide corn silage for a herd of IG Guernsey 
cows averaging 950 lbs. in weight, 7 yearling heifers, 2 idle horses, and 30 breeding 
ewes, during a winter feeding period of 6 months. How much silage will be fed 
daily from the silo? What size of silo would you recommend on this farm? 

For this problem and those following use the blank pages at the back of the man- 
ual. 

Problem B. — A silo 14 feet in diameter has 10 feet of average corn silage left in the 
bottom. Before any silage had been removed in the fall the total depth of silage in 
the silo was 26 feet. How many tons of silage are there left in the silo? 

EXERCISE 15 

Problem A. — In many instances it is possible to market farm-grown grains and 
with the proceeds purchase protein-rich by-product concentrates, w hich not only aid 
in balancing the ration, but also bring fertility to the farm. Determine the gain or 
loss in selling 10 tons of corn and purchasing cottonseed meal with the proceeds, 
with these feeds at the local market prices. Assume that to supplement the feeds 
available on the farm, the feeding value of the cottonseed meal is enough greater 
than corn to cover the cost of the hauling. 

Problem B. — Taking the manurial value of the feed into consideration (see Exer- 
cise 7), compare the net cost of Mixture A with Mixture B: Mixture A. — 1,000 lbs. 
of oats, 1,000 lbs. of barley, 1,000 lbs. corn meal, and 1,000 lbs. of oil meal. Mixture 
B.— 1,000 lbs. gluten feed, 1,000 lbs. wheat bran, 1,000 lbs. cottonseed meal, 500 
lbs. corn meal, and 500 lbs. of oil meal. Compute the manurial value on the assump- 
tion that the above amounts of the two mixtures were fed to dairy cows. This prob- 
lem will illustrate forcibly the advantages in buying protein-rich concentrates. 

EXERCISE 16 

Problem A. — Formulate a ration for a 1,000-lb. dairy cow producing 30 lbs. of 
4 per ct. milk daily, according to the Morrison, or Modified Wolff- Lehmann, stand- 
ards, feeding only as much digestible crude protein as is advised in the lower set of 
figures in the standards. Use the feeds grown in your locality and supplement the 
farm grown grains with 3 purchased feeds that will furnish the required additional 
nutrients most economically. If timothy hay is grown use it in the ratiorf, and 
formulate a second ration using alfalfa or clover hay in place of the timothy and 
find the difference in cost at current prices. If corn silage is not grown, see if an addi- 
tion of corn silage would improve the ration. Determine the feed cost per 100 lbs. 
milk and per pound fat with feeds at local prices. 

Problem B. — Formulate a ration under the same conditions as in Problem A, using 
the higher set of figures for crude protein in the Morrison, or Modified Wolff-Leh- 
mann, standards, and see if this narrower ration is more expensive than the previous 
ration. 

159 



EXERCISE 17 

Problem A. — If you arc in a market milk and also a creamery district, find out the 
price paid farmers per cwt. for milk testing 3 . 5 per ct. butter fat and the price paid 
at creameries per pound of butter fat. Otherwise, secure representative prices from 
the instructor. 

Which is the most profitable way of marketing milk? A.ssume that if cream 
is sent to the creamery, from each 100 lbs. of milk produced 80 lbs. of skim milk will be 
available for feeding. When fed in proper amount to balance the ration, 100 lbs. of 
skim milk is worth one-half as much as a bushel of shelled corn. Take into considera- 
tion the fertility lost from the farm in the two methods of marketing the milk and 
any different in cost of hauling. 

Problem B. — Outline a method and probable annual cost of feeding a herd of 25 
cows on the average producing 350 lbs. of butter fat during an average lactation 
period of 10 months. 

These cows must be well cared for during winter, and will require grain, good 
pasture, and some soilage or silage during the summer. 



EXERCISE 18 

Problem A. — A farmer grows alfalfa hay, corn silage, mangels, oats, Canada field 
peas and barley enough for his herd. Formulate a ration from the above feeds for a 
cow weighing 1,200 lbs. She yields daily 36 lbs. of milk testing 3 , 5 per ct. butter fat. 
Use equal parts by weight of oats, peas, and barley. Feed 30 lbs. of mangels in place 
of 3 lbs. of the usual allowance of concentrates. 

This exercise shows the possibility of providing satisfactory rations with only home- 
grown feeds. With clover hay, it would be necessary to purchase some high protein 
concentrate. Oats and peas may be easily grown together for grain. 

Problem B. — Suggest a soilage system for a herd of 25 cows from May 1 to Novem- 
ber 1. The cows average 1,000 lbs. in live weight and yield daily an average of 30 lbs. 
of 4 per ct. milk. Allow them a liberal grain ration and calculate the necessary yield 
of each crop and the acreage. Estimate the total number of acres necessary to grow 
hay and silage for feeding from November 1 to May 1 and to grow the above amount 
of soilage. Suggest the rotation to be practiced. 



EXERCISE 19 

Problem. — On a 240 acre farm are 40 acres of pasture, woodlot, farmstead, etc., 
and 200 acres in tilled crops. Of the 200 acres, 15 acres are devoted to silage corn, 60 
acres 'to corn for grain, 60 acres to small grain and 65 acres to clover hay. Suppose 
the silage corn yields 12 tons per acre, the 60 acres of corn yields 60 bushels of ear 
corn and 2 . 5 tons of stover per acre, the small grain returns the equivalent of 45 bu. 
of oats and 1 . 5 tons of straw, and the hay averages 1 . 75 tons per acre. 

On this farm are kept an average of 25 brood sows and an average of 12 pigs are 
raised each year per sow, the sows having both fall and spring litters. 

It is desired to feed the surplus roughage to cattle in winter or early summer for 
spring or summer market. Outline a method for the management of the feeding. 
Feed the cattle 120 days, have them bought at 1,000 lbs. weight, get them to gain an 

160 



average of 2.5 lbs. daily. Study the actual markets in the live-stock market jour- 
nals, learn the shrink to feed lots, if any, count in all buying expense and all selling 
expense, such as freight, commission charges, shrinkage, etc. There are also possible 
losses by deaths, etc. Consider also the value of the manure, estimating the probable 
amount which will be obtained. If necessary, supplement the farm grown feeds 
with linseed or cottonseed meal. Estimate the number of cattle that may be fed 
and watch for the time to market. It may be necessary to hold the cattle over 120 
days or maybe they could be marketed earlier. Write up a connected report of the 
feeding operations. 

EXERCISE 20 

If possible, the instructor should secure samples of all the concentrates that have 
been studied. Require that each student identify all in a reasonable length of time. 

Visit 'a good stock farm. Find out the ration and mixture of concentrates being 
fed to as many of the following as possible: (1) dairy cows, (2) bulls, (3) pregnant 
cows not giving milk, (4) calves, (5) young stock, (6) sheep, (7) lambs, (8) yearling 
colts, (9) two-year-old colts, (10) stallions, (11) breeding mares, (12) work horses, 
(13) mules, (14) young horses that are being fattened for market, (15) beef cattle, 
(16) brood sows, (17) swine being fattened for market. Write up a report pointing 
out any instances where you could suggest improvements in the rations being fed. 



161 



SUMMARY TABLE 



Slioiriiu/ Rchilirc Value of Feeds mi the Basin of the Nutritive Ratio, the Cost 
of Total Digestible A^utrieiits, and of 1 lb. of Digestible Crude Protein. 



of 1 lb. 



Feeds 


a; Ui 


Dig. crude 
protein in 
100 lbs. 


Total dig. nu- 
trients in 
100 lbs. 


1^ 


Cost per lb. 
dig. crude 
jjrotein 


Cost of 1 lb. 
total dig. 
nutrients 


Concentrates 

Low protein, K. R. 1:6.1 or widci 
Dent coi'ii • 


Llis. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 




Cents 


Cents 


Ground corn 










































Wheat 














Rve 














Oats 














Barley 














Kafir 














Beet pulp (Irieil 














Mol'^sses cane 










































Medium protein N.R. 1:3.1 to 1:6.0 














Wheat bran av all analyses 














Standard wheat middlines 














Flour wheat middlings 




























WVipnt fpprl fshnrts find bran) . . 

























































162 



SUMMARY TABLE, Cordinued 



Feeds 


Q 2S 

So 

& 


Dig. crude 
protein in 
100 lbs. 


Total dig. nu- 
trients in 
100 lbs. 


1) 
> 


Cost per lb. 
dig. crude 
protein 


Co.st of 1 lb. 
total dig. 
nutrients 


Concentrates, con. 

High protein, N.R. 1:3.0 or narrower 
Gluten feed 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 




Cents 


Cents 


Brewers' grains, dried 














Buckwheat middlings 














Cottonseed meal, choice 














Cottonseed meal, good 














Linseed meal, old process 














Soybeans 














Peas, field 














Skim milk, centrifugal 














Tankage, over 559c protein 














Blood meal 
























































Dry Roughage 

Low protein, N.R. 1:6.1 or wider 
Corn fodder, medium in water 














Corn stover, medium in water 














Sorghum fodder, dry 














Timothy hay, all analyses 














Sudan grass hay 














Clover and mixed grass hay 














Oat straw 

























































163 



SUMMARY' 'IWBLE, Cuntinucd 



Feeds 


Is 


Dig. crude 
protein in 
100 lbs. 


Total dig. nu- 
trients in 
100 lbs. 


> 

3 rt 


Cost per lb. 
dig. crude 
protein 


Cost of 1 lb. 
total dig. 
nutrients 


Dry Roughages, con. 

Medium protein, N.Ii. 1:3.1 to 1:6.0 
Alfalfa hay 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 




Cents 


Cents 


Red clover hay 














Soybean hay 














Peas and oats hay 
























































High protein, N.R. 1:3.0 or narroiver 
Cowpea hay, all analyses 


































• 






















Green Roughage and Silage 

Low protein, N.R. 1:6.1 or ivider 

Corn silage, well-matured 














Green corn fodder, all analyses 




























Rutabagas 































































































































164 



SUMMARY TABLE, Continued 



Feeds 


sS 


Dig. crude 
protein in 
100 lbs. 


Total dig. nu- 
trients in 
100 lbs. 


> 

•1.2 


Cost per lb. 
dig. crude 
protein 


Cost of 1 lb. 
total dig. 
nutrients 


Green Roughage and Silage, con. 

Medium -protein, N.R. 1:3.1 to 1:6.0 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 




Cents 


Cents 












































Rape green 
























































High protein, N.R. 1:3.0 or narrower 

























































165 



